Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(10), 2689–2698. Foreign language training as cognitive therapy for age-related cognitive decline: A hypothesis for future research. The results indicate that there is a complex interrelated network of external and internal factors of LA, which should be taken into account when teaching this age group. Data were collected among six OAs via a questionnaire, draw-a-picture technique, and semi-structured interviews. The main objective of this chapter is to report the outcomes of a mixed-method pilot study, aimed at measuring the level of LA of older adults (OAs) in the in-class and online modes, exploring its causes, and identifying the most anxiety-provoking skills. A few years ago, their attempts to master English as a FL were affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, which brought several limitations and changes, forcing them to switch from learning in a classroom setting to an online mode. One of such under-researched areas is LA experienced by older adults (60+), who nowadays constitute an important group of FL learners in Poland. Although studies on LA have been carried out for a few decades, exploring its nature, causes, correlates and influence on FL achievements, there are still several questions to be answered. As recent meta-analyses reveal, language anxiety (LA) is one of the most important determinants of success in foreign language (FL) learning, next to aptitude, motivation, and working memory.
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